Origin of Computers

ORIGIN OF A COMPUTER

Origin of computer could be rigorous sweats of men to count large figures. This process of counting of large figures generated colorful systems of numeration like sumptuous system of numeration, Greek system of numeration, Roman system of numeration and Indian system of numeration. Out of these the Indian system of numeration has been accepted widely. It's the base of ultramodern decimal system of numeration 0- 9.

• ABACUS
• NAPIER'S BONES
• SLIDE RULE
• PASCAL'S CALCULATOR
• LEIBNIZ'S MULTIPLICATION AND DIVIDING MACHINE
• DIFFERENCE ENGINE
• THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CALCULATOR
• MODERN ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR

ABACUS :- Nearly 5,000 times agone , the" abacus" was developed in China in 3000B.C. The word abacus means calculating board. The" may be considered the first computer and it has been used since ancient times by a number of societies for introductory arithmetical computations.
The abacus is also called a counting frame, which is a calculating tool for performing computation operations. The Chinese abacus has a frame holding perpendicular cables, with seven globules on each line. A vertical separator separates the top two globules from the nethermost five, occasionally appertained to as the heaven and the earth globules. The computation computations are performed by manipulating the globules by using the principle of positional weight of globules on a rack. Abacus s used indeed moment to educate small children how to count. A professed abacus operation can be as presto as a hand held calculator.

  

NAPIER'S BONES :- John Napier was a mathematician who come notorious for his invention of logarithms. The used of" totem" enabled him to reduce any addition problem. John Napier erected a mechanical device for the purpose of addition in 1617A.D. The device was known as Napier's bones. His" bones" are set of eleven rods side by side products and quotients large figures can be attained. The sticks were called" bones" becouse they were made of bone of ivory.

SLIDE RULE :- English mathematician E. Gunter development the slide rule. This machine could perform operations like addition, deduction, addition, and divison. Although the slide rule appeared in colorful forms during the seventeenth century, it consists of two portable autocrats placed side by side. Each sovereign is marked off in such a way that the factual distances from the morning of the sovereign are commensurable to the logarithms of the figures published on the sovereign . By sliding the autocrats, one can snappily multiply and divide.

SPASCAL'S CALCULATOR :- Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician and one if the first ultramodern scientists to developed and make calculator. He developed a machine at the age of 19 the was able of adding and abating figures. The machine was operated by telephoning a series of bus, gears and cylinders.

LEIBNIZ'S MULTIPLICATION AND DIVIDING MACHINE :- like Pascal's Gottfried Leibniz was a seventeenth century scientist who recognized the value of building machines and built around 1673 a mechanical device that could do mathematical calculations and save labor too.

DIFFERENCE ENGINE :-  The first step towards the creation of computers was made was made by an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage. Beforehand on, he realized that all fine computations can be broken up into simple operations which are also constantly repeated, and that these operations could be carried out by an automatic machine. In the 1820s Charles Babbage started working on a" Difference Machine", but after ten times he abandoned it for the" Analytical Engine" the real precursor of the Computer.
Babbage outlined the introductory rudiments of a ultramodern general purpose computer which was grounded on the system of finite differences. it uses only arithmetical additon and removes the need for addition and division which are more delicate to apply mechanically. Charles Babbage is called the father of the computer.

THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE :- The Analytical Engine marks the progression from the computation computation to general purpose calculation. It was also developed by Charles Babbage. This machine was grounded on the principle that, for certain formulas, the difference between certain values is constant. The Analytical Engine has numerous essential features set up in the ultramodern digital computer.
The Engine had a" store"( memory) where figures and intermediate results could be held, and a separate" Mill"( processor) where the computation processing was performed. It had an internal stock of the four arithmetical functions and could perform direct addition and division. It was also able of functions like tentative branching, looping( replication), microprogramming, resemblant processing, latching, and polling etc. The logical structure of the Analytical Engine was basically the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic period.

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CALCULATOR:-  In the morning of 19th century, the mechanical calculator was developed to perform all feathers of fine computations. upto the 1960s, it was extensively used. latterly the rotating part of mechanical calculator was replaced by electric motor. So it was called the electrical calculator.

MODERN ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR :- The electronic calculator used in 1960s was run with electron tubes, which was relatively big. latterly it was replaced with transistors and as a result the size of calculators came fairly small. The ultramodern electronic calculator can compte all kinds of fine calculations and fine functions. It can also be used to store some data permanently. Some calculators have in- erected programs to perform some complicated computations. ultramodern electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for integers and arithmetical operations. These calculators can perform sophisticated computation and fiscal calculations similar as converting from polar to blockish equals, taking squar roots, calculating logarithms and trigonometric connections.